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Malarial Infection in HIV Infected Pregnant Women Attending a Rural Antenatal Clinic in Nigeria
R. S. Houmsou,B. E. Wama,S. O. Elkanah,L. C. Garba,T. D. Hile,J. B. Bingbeng,S. L. Kela,E. U. Amuta
Advances in Epidemiology , 2014, DOI: 10.1155/2014/694213
Abstract: Malaria still remains a challenging infection affecting the lives of several HIV infected pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. This study was undertaken to determine malarial infection in HIV infected pregnant women in relation to sociodemographic and obstetrical factors. The study also assessed relationship between malarial infection and haemoglobin level, counts, and ART regimen, as well as predisposing risk factors that influenced occurrence of malarial infection in the women. Thick and thin blood smears were prepared and stained with Giemsa. Haemoglobin level was determined using a hematology analyzer, while the flow cytometry was used to measure counts. Sociodemographic and obstetrical parameters were obtained through the administration of questionnaires. Of the 159 HIV infected pregnant women examined, 33.3% (59/159) had malarial infection. Malarial infection was significantly higher in pregnant women who were divorced, 40.24% (33/82) , were at their first trimester (4–12 weeks), 54.8% (17/31) , had ？=？[201–500？cells/μL], 42.42% (42/99) , and those that had severe anaemia (<8？dg/L), 100.00% . However, risk factors that influenced the occurrence of malarial infection in the pregnant women were occupation (farming) , marital status (divorced) , gestation (first trimester) , haemoglobin level (Hb？< 8？dg/L) , and counts (low ) . The study reported endemicity of malaria in HIV infected pregnant women living in rural areas of Benue State, Nigeria. Malarial infection was higher in women that were divorced, and at their first trimester, had low count, and had severe anaemia. Farming, divorce, gestation, severe anaemia, and low counts were predisposing risk factors that influenced malaria occurrence in the HIV infected pregnant women. It is advocated that HIV infected pregnant women should be properly and thoroughly educated on malaria preventive measures in rural areas so as to avoid unpleasant effect of malaria during their pregnancies. 1. Introduction Malaria still remains a challenging infection affecting the lives of several HIV infected pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). At least 25 million pregnant women in malaria stable transmission areas of SSA are exposed to Plasmodium falciparum malaria each year [1]. However, HIV infection ranges from 10% to 40% and accounts for 10%–27% of malaria in pregnancy [2–4]. HIV infection has been known to augment the risks of placental and peripheral malaria, high density parasitaemia, and febrile malaria illness among pregnant women [3–6]. These women are also at an increased risk of having premature
Malarial infection among antenatal and maternity clinics attendees at the Federal Medical Centre, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
Elizabeth Amuta,Emmanuel Wama,Mary Ameh,Robert Houmsou
- , 2014, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/idr.2014.5050
Abstract: This study assessed the level of malarial infection in relation to some epidemiological factors, gravidity and pregnancy period of antenatal clinic attendees of the Federal Medical Centre, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. We also assessed malarial infection in placental blood in relation to gravidity of pregnant women at delivery in the maternity clinic of the same hospital. Thin and thick blood films were prepared for microscopic examination. A questionnaire was administered to each pregnant woman at the antenatal clinic to collect data on educational level, occupation, gravidity, pregnancy period, malaria preventive measures and malaria symptoms. Of the 163 pregnant women examined at the antenatal clinic, 68.3% (111/163) were infected with malaria. Pregnant women that are illiterates (χ2=15.44, P=0.100) and those that are farmers (χ2=9.20, P=0.270) had the highest infection rate with no significant difference respectively. Malarial infection was significantly higher in the multigravidae, 57.6% (34/59) (χ2=5.16, P=0.007) and non-significant in the pregnant women at their third trimester of pregnancy, 60.9% (53/89) (χ2=4.45, P=0.108). Placental malaria was significantly higher in the primigravidae among pregnant women at delivery (χ2=9.33, P=0.000). A significant difference (χ2=33.52, P=0.000) was observed between pregnant women that did not use any malaria preventive methods, 91.2% (31/34) and those that used single, 64.3% (65/101) and combined, 46.4% (13/28) methods of prevention. Malaria remains highly prevalent among antenatal clinics attendees in Makurdi, Nigeria. Combined method of prevention (insecticides treated nets and insecticide spray) yielded good results and its use is advocated in preventing malaria among the pregnant women
The Explicit Pure Vector Superfield in Gauge Theories  [PDF]
E. B. Manoukian
Journal of Modern Physics (JMP) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2012.38092
Abstract: An explicit expression of the pure vector superfield is derived in gauge theories in the Wess-Zumino gauge. A pure vector superfield means that the theta independent part of the superfield transforms as a Lorentz vector. This is to be contrasted with the so-called general scalar superfield, whose theta independent part is a scalar, as well as with the known spinor superfield, whose theta independent part is a spinor, which both contain a vector field. In contrast to the latter two superfields, the action of supersymmetric gauge theories follows directly from the theory of a pure vector superfield from a so-called D-term. As the construction of a supersymmetric gauge theory of Yang-Mills vector Bosons, is more naturally generated out of a pure vector supersfield and not of a scalar or a spinor, the importance of a pure vector superfield cannot be overemphasized.
The Interaction Effect of Perceived Competence and Goal Harmony on Perceived Usefulness  [PDF]
Tove B？e
Creative Education (CE) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/ce.2016.78118
Abstract: The aim of this study is to examine the factors that influence teachers’ perceived usefulness of e-learning technology in a university context. We argue that perceived competence and goal harmony will have an interaction effect on perceived usefulness as well as being predictor variables themselves. Additionally, we include and test the established constructs of confirmation of pre- adoption expectations, and perceived ease of use as independent variables and controls in the study. The model is tested in a university setting, and the results show that perceived competence and goal harmony are positively related to perceived usefulness. The negative interaction effect between goal harmony and perceived competence on perceived usefulness is also supported, indicating the synergic effect of these two constructs on the dependent variable.
Combination Treatment with BEC and Cisplatin Synergistically Augments Anticancer Activity and Results in Increased Absolute Survival  [PDF]
B. E. Cham
Journal of Cancer Therapy (JCT) , 2020, DOI: 10.4236/jct.2020.118040
Abstract: Plant-derived BEC with its main component solamargine possesses anticancer activities via its effect on a variety of biological pathways in a wide range of human cancer cells. High cure rates with BEC therapy have been obtained in animals with deadly cancers, and, in humans with terminal cancers promising results have been reported. At a clinical level, optimal concentrations of BEC have been established in a topical cream formulation Curaderm, for effective removal of skin cancers, but optimal concentrations of BEC have not been reported for other cancers. The objective of this study was to determine whether combination therapy of Cisplatin with BEC would result in synergism using cure rates as end points. BEC on its own cures Sarcoma 180 in mice, whereas, Cisplatin on its own has no effect on Sarcoma 180 activity. A combination of BEC and Cisplatin shows synergism, resulting in higher cure rates than BEC and Cisplatin at comparable individual concentrations.
First in Man Topical Treatment of Melanoma with Solasodine Glycosides in a Formulation Curaderm: A Case Report  [PDF]
B. E. Cham
Journal of Cancer Therapy (JCT) , 2020, DOI: 10.4236/jct.2020.1110052
Abstract: Background: There is ample evidence to support the safety and efficacy of the topical anticancer cream Curaderm in the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers. Curaderm contains the natural glycoalkaloid solamargine in the form of BEC, which has been established as a novel antineoplastic agent. BEC is the initials of the inventor of the described technology. It is known that BEC expresses anti-melanoma properties in cell culture and animals. Because of potential metastasis, clinical work with BEC on melanoma was stalled. However, recent studies show that BEC has anti-metastatic properties and this, together with currently better understanding of the mode of anti-cancer actions of BEC, has led to the treatment of a patient who refused to have surgery for her clinically diagnosed stage II melanoma. Treatment: A 67-year woman had a birthmark that developed into a clinically diagnosed stage II melanoma and was treated with topical application of Curaderm twice daily for 7 weeks. Results: The pattern of response of the melanoma to Curaderm therapy was similar to that observed when basal cell carcinoma is treated with Curaderm. The melanoma responded rapidly to the treatment and in 7 weeks the lesion was removed with no demonstrable side effects. The cosmetic end result was very acceptable. Conclusion: The clinical resolution of the melanoma with Curaderm pharmacotherapy conforms to the cell culture and animal observations that solasodine rhamnosides, and thus Curaderm, is very specific and efficacious for the first in man treatment of melanoma, creating the possibility of a simple treatment for melanoma. Further investigations with controlled clinical trials are warranted.
New and Newer Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Are the Major Vaccine Developers on the Right Track, Or Is Delipidation the Answer?  [PDF]
B. E. Cham
Advances in Infectious Diseases (AID) , 2021, DOI: 10.4236/aid.2021.112016
Abstract: Background: Global Covid-19 pandemic has led to remarkable scientific achievements resulting in the development and rapid implementation of vaccines towards the original wild-type SARS-CoV-2 virus. Most Covid-19 vaccines are targeted to only one protein (the Spike protein) on the virus. SARS-CoV-2 that causes Covid-19 naturally undergoes multiple mutations over time. Such mutations can be inconsequential or have dire consequences. The lack of effectiveness of current vaccines towards mutated variants of Covid-19 is of major concern. The objective of this study is to describe an optimal solvent system that creates, via delipidation, a non-synthetic, host-derived or nonhost-derived modified viral particle that has its lipid envelope removed, exposing hidden undenatured proteins from within the virus, that generate a positive immunologic response when administered into a host, thereby providing a vaccine that offers strong and broad protection against the virus. Methods: Lipid removal from viruses by specific procedures renders the exposure of hidden proteins. Protection by antibodies to all of the virus’ protein types has shown to be far superior to protection by antibodies that are created by a single protein type. Results: Published studies with the Hepatitis virus, Pestivirus and HIV virus have reported the wide range of applications with this delipidation approach resulting in effectively long-term and broad protection vaccines. Conclusion: Mutations are rendering existing vaccines less effective. New approaches to obtain a more permanent vaccine that minimizes the effects of mutation are obtainable by delipidation of the viral particle and thereby creating vaccines that are more permanent with broad protection.
Applying the Barycentric Jacobi Spectral Method to Price Options with Transaction Costs in a Fractional Black-Scholes Framework  [PDF]
B. F. Nteumagné, E. Pindza, E. Maré
Journal of Mathematical Finance (JMF) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/jmf.2014.41004
Abstract:

The aim of this paper is to show how options with transaction costs under fractional, mixed Brownian-fractional, and subdiffusive fractional Black-Scholes models can be efficiently computed by using the barycentric Jacobi spectral method. The reliability of the barycentric Jacobi spectral method for space (asset) direction discretization is demonstrated by solving partial differential equations (PDEs) arising from pricing European options with transaction costs under these models. The discretization of these PDEs in time relies on the implicit Runge-Kutta Radau IIA method. We conducted various numerical experiments and compared our numerical results with existing analytical solutions. It was found that the proposed method is efficient, highly accurate and reliable, and is an alternative to some existing numerical methods for pricing financial options.

The influence of altitude and management on carbon stock quantities in rungwe forest, southern highland of Tanzania  [PDF]
B. Mwakisunga, A. E. Majule
Open Journal of Ecology (OJE) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/oje.2012.24025
Abstract: A study was conducted to assess the impacts of elevation, tree species and management on carbon stock on the slopes of Rungwe Mountain in Tanzania. Twenty 15 m radius plots with trees of DBH >10 cm were used to collect trees measurements as well as soil samples at depths of 10 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm. Tree data collected were calculated and analyzed for tree biomass and carbon by using the Tree Biomass Equations (TBE) while soil samples were analyzed for total soil carbon using oxidative reduction method in which soils were combusted at about 600°C in a muffle furnace to released CO2 and SO2 gases carried by the oxygen flow into cells. The results showed that aboveground carbon content increased with altitude ranging from 9.2 t/ha at 2031 m to 561.7 t/ha at 2312 m.a.s.l due to little forest disturbance at high altitudes. However, the trend changed drastically at 2312 m.a.s.l. Soil carbon content tended to increase down the slope ranging from 3.8 t/ha at 2.312 to 4.7 t/ha at 2031 m.a.s.l, respectively. In general, there is limited awareness on sustainable management of forest resource in the study area. It is necessary to empower local communities to monitor and manage their forest resources so that they can contribute to climate change mitigation and income generation through carbon trade under REDD initiative.
Dysfunction of Fronto-Subcortical Circuitry in Fronto-Temporal Dementia  [PDF]
S. Laurentino, E. B. Sougey
Open Journal of Psychiatry (OJPsych) , 2020, DOI: 10.4236/ojpsych.2020.104015
Abstract: In the last years, some studies have shown that behavior disorder seems in frontotemporal dementia is related to dysfunction in the fronto-subcortical circuitry. Objectives: We did a narrative literature review concerning fronto-subcortical circuitry and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Methods: Manuscripts related to fronto-subcortical network and frontotemporal dementia were selected for further analysis. Results: From the executions of simple motor actions to the most complex behaviors like goal-direct behavior and social cognition, the fronto-subcortical circuitry involves an intrigued network of fibers that reaches to basal ganglia nuclei. Recently, researchers have shown five parallel fronto-subcortical circuits integrating and segregating information from the frontal cortex to basal ganglia. Understanding the relationship between the fronto-subcortical circuit dysfunctions and neurodegenerative diseases requires studying the functional anatomy and neurochemical basis involved. Conclusions: In this view, it is essential to review the functional anatomy of the fronto-subcortical network, and it’s correlated with clinical aspects to pursuing a better therapeutic approach.
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